Journal Article > ResearchAbstract
Trop Med Int Health. 2012 July 29; Volume 17 (Issue 9); 1163-1170.; DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03048
Khader A, Zachariah R
Trop Med Int Health. 2012 July 29; Volume 17 (Issue 9); 1163-1170.; DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03048
Recording and reporting systems borrowed from the DOTS framework for tuberculosis control can be used to record, monitor and report on chronic disease. In a primary healthcare clinic run by UNRWA in Amman, Jordan, serving Palestine refugees with hypertension, we set out to illustrate the method of cohort reporting for persons with hypertension by presenting on quarterly and cumulative case finding, cumulative and 12-month analysis of cohort outcomes and to assess how these data may inform and improve the quality of hypertension care services.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Water Res. 2020 November 16; Volume 189; 116642.; DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116642
Ali SI, Ali SS, Fesselet JF
Water Res. 2020 November 16; Volume 189; 116642.; DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116642
The current Sphere guideline for water chlorination in humanitarian emergencies fails to reliably ensure household water safety in refugee camps. We investigated post-distribution chlorine decay and household water safety in refugee camps in South Sudan, Jordan, and Rwanda between 2013-2015 with the goal of demonstrating an approach for generating site-specific and evidence-based chlorination targets that better ensure household water safety than the status quo Sphere guideline. In each of four field studies we conducted, we observed how water quality changed between distribution and point of consumption. We implemented a nonlinear optimization approach for the novel technical challenge of modelling post-distribution chlorine decay in order to generate estimates on what free residual chlorine (FRC) levels must be at water distribution points, in order to provide adequate FRC protection up to the point of consumption in households many hours later at each site. The site-specific FRC targets developed through this modelling approach improved the proportion of households having sufficient chlorine residual (i.e., ≥0.2 mg/L FRC) at the point of consumption in three out of four field studies (South Sudan 2013, Jordan 2014, and Rwanda 2015). These sites tended to be hotter (i.e., average mid-afternoon air temperatures >30°C) and/or had poorer water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions, contributing to considerable chlorine decay between distribution and consumption. Our modelling approach did not work as well where chlorine decay was small in absolute terms (Jordan 2015). In such settings, which were cooler (20 to 30°C) and had better WASH conditions, we found that the upper range of the current Sphere chlorination guideline (i.e., 0.5 mg/L FRC) provided sufficient residual chlorine for ensuring household water safety up to 24 hours post-distribution. Site-specific and evidence-based chlorination targets generated from post-distribution chlorine decay modelling could help improve household water safety and public health outcomes in refugee camp settings where the current Sphere chlorination guideline does not provide adequate residual protection. Water quality monitoring in refugee/IDP camps should shift focus from distribution points to household points of consumption in order to monitor if the intended public health goal of safe water at the point of consumption is being achieved.
Journal Article > Short ReportFull Text
BMJ Mil Health. 2019 July 29; Volume 166 (Issue 3); 210-210.; DOI:10.1136/jramc-2019-001269
Mathieu L, Alqassab S, Fakhi RM
BMJ Mil Health. 2019 July 29; Volume 166 (Issue 3); 210-210.; DOI:10.1136/jramc-2019-001269
Conference Material > Abstract
Oza S, Harris P, Ansbro E, Perel P, Frieden M, et al.
MSF Scientific Days International 2020: Research. 2020 May 20
INTRODUCTION
Globally, hypertension is responsible for approximately half of all heart disease and stroke deaths. Over 75% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. However globally, hypertension awareness, treatment, and control remain low (39%, 29%, and 10%, respectively). Reasons for poor control are multifactorial, and include patient-specific factors such as poor adherence, often associated with high pill-burden regimens. Health system factors are also important and may include the use of complex algorithms, leading to clinical inertia amongst healthcare workers. Fixed-dose combination (FDC) medications may be one way of reducing pill burden and simplifying clinical algorithms. To understand the use of multiple drug classes in the management of hypertension we analysed antihypertensive prescribing patterns and blood pressure (BP) control in cohorts from MSF treatment programmes in Jordan and Zimbabwe to determine the proportion of patients who may benefit from a FDC (those currently treated with more than two drug classes) and the potential extent of clinical inertia.
METHODS
We used routine, retrospective data from two cohorts of adult patients with hypertension; one from Jordan, a semi-urban clinic managed by doctors (using data from October 2016 to December 2018) and one from Zimbabwe, a rural setting managed by nurses (data from May 2016 to July 2019). We carried out descriptive analyses of prescribing patterns and their relationship with BP control.
Ethics
This study was approved by the ethics committees of Jordan and Zimbabwe and the MSF Ethics Review Board.
RESULTS
We analysed data from 3305 and 3957 hypertensive patients from Jordan and Zimbabwe respectively; with median ages in Jordan 61 (interquartile range, IQR, 53-69) and in Zimbabwe 63 (IQR 53-70); the majority were female (62.7% and 80.4% respectively). Retention and BP control at 12 months were 95% and 77% (Jordan) and 59% and 42.3% (Zimbabwe). The proportion of patients on two, three, or four-five antihypertensive drug classes at baseline were 42%, 19%, 4% in Jordan and 46%, 7%, <1% in Zimbabwe. At 12 months follow-up, proportions were 40%, 28%, 11% in Jordan and 46%, 17%, 1% in Zimbabwe. Proportions with controlled BP at 12 months on two, three, or four-five drug classes were 71%, 64% and 55% in Jordan, and 40%, 27%, 25% in Zimbabwe. No medication change for uncontrolled BP was made at the next visit for 1,843 (79.3%) of 2,325 visits in Jordan, and 4,763 (63.5%) of 7,497 visits in Zimbabwe. This included 545 (28.6%) and 2,549 (53.5%) visits with uncontrolled stage two or three hypertension respectively.
CONCLUSION
Most patients with hypertension required more than two antihypertensive medications, but a significant proportion persisted with uncontrolled BP. No additional class of antihypertensive was given in the majority of visits by patients with uncontrolled BP, suggesting possible clinical inertia by healthcare workers. Despite recent inclusion of FDC’s in MSF guidelines and WHO’s Essential Medicines List, their lack of inclusion in national guidelines, and procurement challenges, have hindered MSF’s implementation of FDC’s. Demonstrating feasibility of FDC use in MSF pilot projects could play an important role in furthering uptake.
Conflicts of Interest
None declared.
Globally, hypertension is responsible for approximately half of all heart disease and stroke deaths. Over 75% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. However globally, hypertension awareness, treatment, and control remain low (39%, 29%, and 10%, respectively). Reasons for poor control are multifactorial, and include patient-specific factors such as poor adherence, often associated with high pill-burden regimens. Health system factors are also important and may include the use of complex algorithms, leading to clinical inertia amongst healthcare workers. Fixed-dose combination (FDC) medications may be one way of reducing pill burden and simplifying clinical algorithms. To understand the use of multiple drug classes in the management of hypertension we analysed antihypertensive prescribing patterns and blood pressure (BP) control in cohorts from MSF treatment programmes in Jordan and Zimbabwe to determine the proportion of patients who may benefit from a FDC (those currently treated with more than two drug classes) and the potential extent of clinical inertia.
METHODS
We used routine, retrospective data from two cohorts of adult patients with hypertension; one from Jordan, a semi-urban clinic managed by doctors (using data from October 2016 to December 2018) and one from Zimbabwe, a rural setting managed by nurses (data from May 2016 to July 2019). We carried out descriptive analyses of prescribing patterns and their relationship with BP control.
Ethics
This study was approved by the ethics committees of Jordan and Zimbabwe and the MSF Ethics Review Board.
RESULTS
We analysed data from 3305 and 3957 hypertensive patients from Jordan and Zimbabwe respectively; with median ages in Jordan 61 (interquartile range, IQR, 53-69) and in Zimbabwe 63 (IQR 53-70); the majority were female (62.7% and 80.4% respectively). Retention and BP control at 12 months were 95% and 77% (Jordan) and 59% and 42.3% (Zimbabwe). The proportion of patients on two, three, or four-five antihypertensive drug classes at baseline were 42%, 19%, 4% in Jordan and 46%, 7%, <1% in Zimbabwe. At 12 months follow-up, proportions were 40%, 28%, 11% in Jordan and 46%, 17%, 1% in Zimbabwe. Proportions with controlled BP at 12 months on two, three, or four-five drug classes were 71%, 64% and 55% in Jordan, and 40%, 27%, 25% in Zimbabwe. No medication change for uncontrolled BP was made at the next visit for 1,843 (79.3%) of 2,325 visits in Jordan, and 4,763 (63.5%) of 7,497 visits in Zimbabwe. This included 545 (28.6%) and 2,549 (53.5%) visits with uncontrolled stage two or three hypertension respectively.
CONCLUSION
Most patients with hypertension required more than two antihypertensive medications, but a significant proportion persisted with uncontrolled BP. No additional class of antihypertensive was given in the majority of visits by patients with uncontrolled BP, suggesting possible clinical inertia by healthcare workers. Despite recent inclusion of FDC’s in MSF guidelines and WHO’s Essential Medicines List, their lack of inclusion in national guidelines, and procurement challenges, have hindered MSF’s implementation of FDC’s. Demonstrating feasibility of FDC use in MSF pilot projects could play an important role in furthering uptake.
Conflicts of Interest
None declared.
Conference Material > Slide Presentation
Malou N, Al Asmar M, Fakhri RM, Badaro N, Kanapathipillai R, et al.
MSF Scientific Days International 2021: Innovation. 2021 May 20
Conference Material > Video
Khatib Z
MSF Scientific Days Asia 2021. 2021 August 26
Conference Material > Video
Malou N
MSF Scientific Days International 2021: Innovation. 2021 May 20
Protocol > Research Study
Rehr M, Shoaib M, Deprade A, Lenglet AD, Ait-Bouziad I, et al.
2016 April 4
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES
• To determine the level of access to health care services for Syrian refugees living out-of-camp in Irbid governorate, Jordan.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES
• To describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the surveyed population including age, gender, disabilities, time living in Jordan, living conditions, and legal status
• To describe the economic situation of the surveyed households with regards to income & income sources, dependency on humanitarian assistance, household expenditures and direct and indirect expenditures on health
• To characterize health care utilization of non-camp Syrian refugees including frequency & type of services used as well as the main reasons for requiring medical care
• To estimate coverage with the most crucial health services such as vaccination coverage of under 5-year-old children, coverage with services for non-communicable diseases and maternal health coverage.
• To estimate the coverage of MSF services including specifically NCD care as well as ANC and child health care
• To estimate health service needs by estimating the household- prevalence of NCDs as well as the birth rate.
• To identify barriers to accessing general-, as well as specialized health care services with regards to economic constraints, barriers resulting from knowledge gaps as well as limitations in accessibility and/or acceptability of existing services.
• To identify risk factors for not accessing general and specialized health services as needed.
• To estimate retrospectively the crude mortality rate (CMR) and specific mortality rates for the total population and for children under five years of age (U5MR).
• To determine the level of access to health care services for Syrian refugees living out-of-camp in Irbid governorate, Jordan.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES
• To describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the surveyed population including age, gender, disabilities, time living in Jordan, living conditions, and legal status
• To describe the economic situation of the surveyed households with regards to income & income sources, dependency on humanitarian assistance, household expenditures and direct and indirect expenditures on health
• To characterize health care utilization of non-camp Syrian refugees including frequency & type of services used as well as the main reasons for requiring medical care
• To estimate coverage with the most crucial health services such as vaccination coverage of under 5-year-old children, coverage with services for non-communicable diseases and maternal health coverage.
• To estimate the coverage of MSF services including specifically NCD care as well as ANC and child health care
• To estimate health service needs by estimating the household- prevalence of NCDs as well as the birth rate.
• To identify barriers to accessing general-, as well as specialized health care services with regards to economic constraints, barriers resulting from knowledge gaps as well as limitations in accessibility and/or acceptability of existing services.
• To identify risk factors for not accessing general and specialized health services as needed.
• To estimate retrospectively the crude mortality rate (CMR) and specific mortality rates for the total population and for children under five years of age (U5MR).
Protocol > Research Study
JMIR Res Protoc. 2018 November 26; Volume 7 (Issue 11); e12334.; DOI:10.2196/12334
Alga A, Wong S, Haweizy R, Conneryd Lundgren K, von Schreeb J, et al.
JMIR Res Protoc. 2018 November 26; Volume 7 (Issue 11); e12334.; DOI:10.2196/12334
BACKGROUND
In armed conflict, injuries commonly affect the extremities and contamination with foreign material often increases the risk of infection. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy has been described in the treatment of acute conflict-related wounds, but reports are retrospective and with limited follow-up.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of negative-pressure wound therapy use in the treatment of patients with conflict-related extremity wounds.
METHODS
This is a multisite, superiority, pragmatic randomized controlled trial. We are considering for inclusion patients 18 years of age and older who are presenting with a conflict-related extremity wound within 72 hours after injury. Patients are block randomly assigned to either negative-pressure wound therapy or standard treatment in a 1:1 ratio. The primary end point is wound closure by day 5. Secondary end points include length of stay, wound infection, sepsis, wound complications, death, and health-related quality of life. We will explore economic outcomes, including direct health care costs and cost effectiveness, in a substudy. Data are collected at baseline and at each dressing change, and participants are followed for up to 3 months. We will base the primary statistical analysis on intention-to-treat.
RESULTS
The trial is ongoing. Patient enrollment started in June 2015. We expect to publish findings from the trial by the end of 2019.
CONCLUSIONS
To the best of our knowledge, there has been no randomized trial of negative-pressure wound therapy in this context. We expect that our findings will increase the knowledge to establish best-treatment strategies.
In armed conflict, injuries commonly affect the extremities and contamination with foreign material often increases the risk of infection. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy has been described in the treatment of acute conflict-related wounds, but reports are retrospective and with limited follow-up.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of negative-pressure wound therapy use in the treatment of patients with conflict-related extremity wounds.
METHODS
This is a multisite, superiority, pragmatic randomized controlled trial. We are considering for inclusion patients 18 years of age and older who are presenting with a conflict-related extremity wound within 72 hours after injury. Patients are block randomly assigned to either negative-pressure wound therapy or standard treatment in a 1:1 ratio. The primary end point is wound closure by day 5. Secondary end points include length of stay, wound infection, sepsis, wound complications, death, and health-related quality of life. We will explore economic outcomes, including direct health care costs and cost effectiveness, in a substudy. Data are collected at baseline and at each dressing change, and participants are followed for up to 3 months. We will base the primary statistical analysis on intention-to-treat.
RESULTS
The trial is ongoing. Patient enrollment started in June 2015. We expect to publish findings from the trial by the end of 2019.
CONCLUSIONS
To the best of our knowledge, there has been no randomized trial of negative-pressure wound therapy in this context. We expect that our findings will increase the knowledge to establish best-treatment strategies.
Journal Article > Case Report/SeriesFull Text
Trauma Case Rep. 2023 September 24; Volume 48; 100943.; DOI:10.1016/j.tcr.2023.100943
Ismaiel S, Massadeh HA, Fakhri RM
Trauma Case Rep. 2023 September 24; Volume 48; 100943.; DOI:10.1016/j.tcr.2023.100943
3D printers can produce specific medical objects that are tailored to the individual patient's needs, and if they are combined with a personalized orthopedic rehabilitation, it can result in improved functional outcomes. We present a 26-year-old male war victim with multiple injuries in his lower and upper limbs. The use of standard crutches was impossible, so we developed a customized 3D-printed crutch with a relative low cost. The gait and balance scores—as a part of the Tinetti score—improved immediately, and the patient's QUEST 2.0 questionnaire was high after 4 weeks of the crutches use, indicating high patient's satisfaction.