Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 April 12; Volume 105 (Issue 5); 1191-1197.; DOI:10.3945/ajcn.116.148064
Isanaka S, Kodish SR, Berthé F, Alley I, Nackers F, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 April 12; Volume 105 (Issue 5); 1191-1197.; DOI:10.3945/ajcn.116.148064
BACKGROUND
Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) has been shown to be safe and cost-effective, but program coverage remains low. Treatment models that maintain high levels of clinical effectiveness but allow for increased coverage are still needed. A reduced schedule of follow-up, in which children receive clinical follow-up and therapeutic foods on a monthly rather than weekly basis, may be one alternative.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to describe the safety and feasibility of a monthly distribution of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in the treatment of uncomplicated SAM, in terms of clinical response to treatment and household RUTF use.
DESIGN
We conducted a nonrandomized pilot intervention study in which 115 children eligible for outpatient treatment of SAM were provided a monthly ration of RUTF. Anthropometric measurements were taken weekly for 4 wk to monitor treatment response. Unannounced household spot checks were conducted over 4 wk to assess household use of RUTF and storage practices.Results: Adequate weight and midupper arm circumference (MUAC) gain were found throughout the 4-wk follow-up period. Observed mean ± SD weight gain from admission was 9.8 ± 6.8 g · kg-1 · d-1 in week 1 and 4.2 ± 2.1 g · kg-1 · d-1 by week 4. Unplanned household spot checks found an average surplus of RUTF sachets compared with the number expected based on the date of distribution and recommended dosing throughout the 4 wk of follow-up. The frequency at which more than the recommended dose was used (i.e., deviance of >2 sachets between available and expected stocks) was 4% and 22% of households visited in week 1 and week 4, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Adequate treatment response and RUTF use in the outpatient treatment of SAM was maintained over 4 wk of follow-up with a monthly schedule of RUTF distribution. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02994212.
Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) has been shown to be safe and cost-effective, but program coverage remains low. Treatment models that maintain high levels of clinical effectiveness but allow for increased coverage are still needed. A reduced schedule of follow-up, in which children receive clinical follow-up and therapeutic foods on a monthly rather than weekly basis, may be one alternative.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to describe the safety and feasibility of a monthly distribution of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in the treatment of uncomplicated SAM, in terms of clinical response to treatment and household RUTF use.
DESIGN
We conducted a nonrandomized pilot intervention study in which 115 children eligible for outpatient treatment of SAM were provided a monthly ration of RUTF. Anthropometric measurements were taken weekly for 4 wk to monitor treatment response. Unannounced household spot checks were conducted over 4 wk to assess household use of RUTF and storage practices.Results: Adequate weight and midupper arm circumference (MUAC) gain were found throughout the 4-wk follow-up period. Observed mean ± SD weight gain from admission was 9.8 ± 6.8 g · kg-1 · d-1 in week 1 and 4.2 ± 2.1 g · kg-1 · d-1 by week 4. Unplanned household spot checks found an average surplus of RUTF sachets compared with the number expected based on the date of distribution and recommended dosing throughout the 4 wk of follow-up. The frequency at which more than the recommended dose was used (i.e., deviance of >2 sachets between available and expected stocks) was 4% and 22% of households visited in week 1 and week 4, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Adequate treatment response and RUTF use in the outpatient treatment of SAM was maintained over 4 wk of follow-up with a monthly schedule of RUTF distribution. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02994212.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 January 1; Volume 85 (Issue 1); 218-224.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.218
Seal AJ, Creeke PI, Dibari F, Cheung E, Kyroussis E, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 January 1; Volume 85 (Issue 1); 218-224.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.218
BACKGROUND
Outbreaks of pellagra were documented during the civil war in Angola, but no contemporary data on the incidence of pellagra or the prevalence of niacin deficiency were available.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to investigate the incidence of pellagra and the prevalence of niacin deficiency in postwar Angola and their relation with dietary intake, poverty, and anthropometric status.
DESIGN
Admissions data from 1999 to 2004 from the pellagra treatment clinic in Kuito, Angola, were analyzed. New patients admitted over 1 wk were examined, and urine and blood samples were collected. A multistage cluster population survey collected data on anthropometric measures, household dietary intakes, socioeconomic status, and clinical signs of pellagra for women and children. Urinary excretion of 1-methylnicotinamide, 1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxymide, and creatinine was measured and hemoglobin concentrations were measured with a portable photometer.
RESULTS
The incidence of clinical pellagra has not decreased since the end of the civil war in 2002. Low excretion of niacin metabolites was confirmed in 10 of 11 new clinic patients. Survey data were collected for 723 women aged 15-49 y and for 690 children aged 6-59 mo. Excretion of niacin metabolites was low in 29.4% of the women and 6.0% of the children, and the creatinine-adjusted concentrations were significantly lower in the women than in the children (P < 0.001, t test). In children, niacin status was positively correlated with the household consumption of peanuts (r = 0.374, P = 0.001) and eggs (r = 0.290, P = 0.012) but negatively correlated with socioeconomic status (r = -0.228, P = 0.037).
CONCLUSIONS
The expected decrease in pellagra incidence after the end of the civil war has not occurred. The identification of niacin deficiency as a public health problem should refocus attention on this nutritional deficiency in Angola and other areas of Africa where maize is the staple.
Outbreaks of pellagra were documented during the civil war in Angola, but no contemporary data on the incidence of pellagra or the prevalence of niacin deficiency were available.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to investigate the incidence of pellagra and the prevalence of niacin deficiency in postwar Angola and their relation with dietary intake, poverty, and anthropometric status.
DESIGN
Admissions data from 1999 to 2004 from the pellagra treatment clinic in Kuito, Angola, were analyzed. New patients admitted over 1 wk were examined, and urine and blood samples were collected. A multistage cluster population survey collected data on anthropometric measures, household dietary intakes, socioeconomic status, and clinical signs of pellagra for women and children. Urinary excretion of 1-methylnicotinamide, 1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxymide, and creatinine was measured and hemoglobin concentrations were measured with a portable photometer.
RESULTS
The incidence of clinical pellagra has not decreased since the end of the civil war in 2002. Low excretion of niacin metabolites was confirmed in 10 of 11 new clinic patients. Survey data were collected for 723 women aged 15-49 y and for 690 children aged 6-59 mo. Excretion of niacin metabolites was low in 29.4% of the women and 6.0% of the children, and the creatinine-adjusted concentrations were significantly lower in the women than in the children (P < 0.001, t test). In children, niacin status was positively correlated with the household consumption of peanuts (r = 0.374, P = 0.001) and eggs (r = 0.290, P = 0.012) but negatively correlated with socioeconomic status (r = -0.228, P = 0.037).
CONCLUSIONS
The expected decrease in pellagra incidence after the end of the civil war has not occurred. The identification of niacin deficiency as a public health problem should refocus attention on this nutritional deficiency in Angola and other areas of Africa where maize is the staple.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 February 25; Volume 101 (Issue 4); 847-59.; DOI:10.3945/ajcn.114.093294
Burza S, Mahajan R, Marino E, Sunyoto T, Shandilya C, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 February 25; Volume 101 (Issue 4); 847-59.; DOI:10.3945/ajcn.114.093294
BACKGROUND
An estimated one-third of the world's children who are wasted live in India. In Bihar state, of children <5 y old, 27.1% are wasted and 8.3% have severe acute malnutrition (SAM). In 2009, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) initiated a community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) program for children aged 6-59 mo with SAM.
OBJECTIVE
In this report, we describe the characteristics and outcomes of 8274 children treated between February 2009 and September 2011.
DESIGN
Between February 2009 and June 2010, the program admitted children with a weight-for-height z score (WHZ) <-3 SD and/or midupper arm circumference (MUAC) <110 mm and discharged those who reached a WHZ >-2 SDs and MUAC >110 mm. These variables changed in July 2010 to admission on the basis of an MUAC <115 mm and discharge at an MUAC ≥120 mm. Uncomplicated SAM cases were treated as outpatients in the community by using a WHO-standard, ready-to-use, therapeutic lipid-based paste produced in India; complicated cases were treated as inpatients by using F75/F100 WHO-standard milk until they could complete treatment in the community.
RESULTS
A total of 8274 children were admitted including 5149 girls (62.2%), 6613 children aged 6-23 mo (79.9%), and 87.3% children who belonged to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, or Other Backward Caste families or households. Of 3873 children admitted under the old criteria, 41 children (1.1%) died, 2069 children (53.4%) were discharged as cured, and 1485 children (38.3%) defaulted. Of 4401 children admitted under the new criteria, 36 children (0.8%) died, 2526 children (57.4%) were discharged as cured, and 1591 children (36.2%) defaulted. For children discharged as cured, the mean (±SD) weight gain and length of stay were 4.7 ± 3.1 and 5.1 ± 3.7 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) and 8.7 ± 6.1 and 7.3 ± 5.6 wk under the old and new criteria, respectively (P < 0.01). After adjustment, significant risk factors for default were as follows: no community referral for admission, more severe wasting on admission, younger age, and a long commute for treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the first conventional CMAM program in India and has achieved low mortality and high cure rates in nondefaulting children. The new admission criteria lower the threshold for severity with the result that more children are included who are at lower risk of death and have a smaller WHZ deficit to correct than do children identified by the old criteria. This study was registered as a retrospective observational analysis of routine program data at http://www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN13980582.
An estimated one-third of the world's children who are wasted live in India. In Bihar state, of children <5 y old, 27.1% are wasted and 8.3% have severe acute malnutrition (SAM). In 2009, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) initiated a community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) program for children aged 6-59 mo with SAM.
OBJECTIVE
In this report, we describe the characteristics and outcomes of 8274 children treated between February 2009 and September 2011.
DESIGN
Between February 2009 and June 2010, the program admitted children with a weight-for-height z score (WHZ) <-3 SD and/or midupper arm circumference (MUAC) <110 mm and discharged those who reached a WHZ >-2 SDs and MUAC >110 mm. These variables changed in July 2010 to admission on the basis of an MUAC <115 mm and discharge at an MUAC ≥120 mm. Uncomplicated SAM cases were treated as outpatients in the community by using a WHO-standard, ready-to-use, therapeutic lipid-based paste produced in India; complicated cases were treated as inpatients by using F75/F100 WHO-standard milk until they could complete treatment in the community.
RESULTS
A total of 8274 children were admitted including 5149 girls (62.2%), 6613 children aged 6-23 mo (79.9%), and 87.3% children who belonged to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, or Other Backward Caste families or households. Of 3873 children admitted under the old criteria, 41 children (1.1%) died, 2069 children (53.4%) were discharged as cured, and 1485 children (38.3%) defaulted. Of 4401 children admitted under the new criteria, 36 children (0.8%) died, 2526 children (57.4%) were discharged as cured, and 1591 children (36.2%) defaulted. For children discharged as cured, the mean (±SD) weight gain and length of stay were 4.7 ± 3.1 and 5.1 ± 3.7 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) and 8.7 ± 6.1 and 7.3 ± 5.6 wk under the old and new criteria, respectively (P < 0.01). After adjustment, significant risk factors for default were as follows: no community referral for admission, more severe wasting on admission, younger age, and a long commute for treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the first conventional CMAM program in India and has achieved low mortality and high cure rates in nondefaulting children. The new admission criteria lower the threshold for severity with the result that more children are included who are at lower risk of death and have a smaller WHZ deficit to correct than do children identified by the old criteria. This study was registered as a retrospective observational analysis of routine program data at http://www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN13980582.
Journal Article > ResearchAbstract Only
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 September 1; Volume 114 (Issue 3); 965-972.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/nqab120
Kjaer TW, Grenov B, Yameogo CW, Fabiansen C, Iuel-Brockdorf AS, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 September 1; Volume 114 (Issue 3); 965-972.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/nqab120
BACKGROUND
Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (sIGF-1) is an important growth factor in childhood. However, studies on sIGF-1 among children from low-income countries are few, and the role of body composition is unknown.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the associations of anthropometry, body composition, inflammation, and breastfeeding with sIGF-1 among children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM).
METHODS
A cross-sectional study based on admission data from 6 to 23-mo-old children with MAM participating in a nutrition intervention trial (Treatfood) in Burkina Faso. Linear regression analysis was used to identify correlates of sIGF-1.
RESULTS
Among 1546 children, the median (IQR) sIGF-1 was 12 (8.2-18.3) ng/mL. sIGF-1 was highest at 6 mo, with a nadir ∼10-11 mo, and higher in girls than boys. Length-for-age z score (LAZ), weight-for-length z score (WLZ), and midupper arm circumference were positively associated with sIGF-1 (P ≤ 0.001). Fat-free mass (FFM) was also positively associated, as sIGF-1 increased 1.5 (95% CI: 0.5, 2.5) ng/mL for each 1-kg increase in FFM. However, the association disappeared after adjustment for height. Elevated serum C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein were negatively associated with sIGF-1 (P ≤ 0.001), as was fever (P < 0.001) but not a positive malaria test per se (P = 0.15). Children never breastfed had lower sIGF-1 (-5.1; 95% CI: -9.8, -0.3).
CONCLUSIONS
LAZ and WLZ were positively and inflammation negatively associated with sIGF-1. As all children were moderately malnourished and many had inflammation, this probably explains the very low median sIGF-1. The association of FFM with sIGF-1 was fully explained by height. There was a marked age pattern, with a nadir in late infancy, confirming findings from smaller studies from well-nourished populations. There is a need for prospective studies to disentangle the role of sIGF-1 in growth and health. This trial was registered at https://www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN42569496.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 January 6; Volume 103 (Issue 2); 415-21.; DOI:10.3945/ajcn.115.124644
Fabiansen C, Phelan KPQ, Cichon B, Ritz C, Briend A, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 January 6; Volume 103 (Issue 2); 415-21.; DOI:10.3945/ajcn.115.124644
BACKGROUND
The management of children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is based on food supplementation in outpatient programs. When midupper arm circumference (MUAC) is used as the sole admission criterion, it is common practice to exclude children with lengths <67 cm from treatment. The WHO calls for research to determine the treatment effect among children with MAM included by MUAC and aged ≥6 mo with lengths <67 cm.
OBJECTIVE
We hypothesized that among children given supplementary feeding based on an MUAC of 115-124 mm as the sole criterion, there would be no difference in growth rate between children <67 cm and those ≥67 cm in length at program admission.
DESIGN
This was an observational study nested in a randomized trial that investigated the effectiveness of new formulations of corn-soy blend and lipid-based nutrient supplements. Children aged 6-23 mo were included if their MUAC was between 115 and 124 mm but with a weight-for-height z score (WHZ) ≥-2. This cohort was divided into 2 groups by length at admission: <67 cm ("short") and ≥67 cm ("long"). Linear mixed-effects models and regression models were used to compare gains in weight and MUAC while adjusting for intervention, season, sex, age, and site.
RESULTS
Weight-gain velocity (expressed as g · kg(-1) · d(-1)) and MUAC-gain velocity (expressed as 0.01 mm · cm(-1) · d(-1)) were not different between short and long children. Weight-gain velocity was slightly higher in the shortest quartile of length (P = 0.03), whereas there was no effect modification by stunting across length quartiles (P = 0.32).
CONCLUSION
We found no evidence of a difference in percentage of weight gain or weight-gain velocity during supplementary feeding in short or long children aged 6-23 mo. We recommend a policy change to include children <67 cm in supplementary feeding programs if their MUAC is between 115 and 124 mm and their WHZ is ≥-2. This could benefit millions of children currently excluded from supplementary feeding. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN42569496.
The management of children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is based on food supplementation in outpatient programs. When midupper arm circumference (MUAC) is used as the sole admission criterion, it is common practice to exclude children with lengths <67 cm from treatment. The WHO calls for research to determine the treatment effect among children with MAM included by MUAC and aged ≥6 mo with lengths <67 cm.
OBJECTIVE
We hypothesized that among children given supplementary feeding based on an MUAC of 115-124 mm as the sole criterion, there would be no difference in growth rate between children <67 cm and those ≥67 cm in length at program admission.
DESIGN
This was an observational study nested in a randomized trial that investigated the effectiveness of new formulations of corn-soy blend and lipid-based nutrient supplements. Children aged 6-23 mo were included if their MUAC was between 115 and 124 mm but with a weight-for-height z score (WHZ) ≥-2. This cohort was divided into 2 groups by length at admission: <67 cm ("short") and ≥67 cm ("long"). Linear mixed-effects models and regression models were used to compare gains in weight and MUAC while adjusting for intervention, season, sex, age, and site.
RESULTS
Weight-gain velocity (expressed as g · kg(-1) · d(-1)) and MUAC-gain velocity (expressed as 0.01 mm · cm(-1) · d(-1)) were not different between short and long children. Weight-gain velocity was slightly higher in the shortest quartile of length (P = 0.03), whereas there was no effect modification by stunting across length quartiles (P = 0.32).
CONCLUSION
We found no evidence of a difference in percentage of weight gain or weight-gain velocity during supplementary feeding in short or long children aged 6-23 mo. We recommend a policy change to include children <67 cm in supplementary feeding programs if their MUAC is between 115 and 124 mm and their WHZ is ≥-2. This could benefit millions of children currently excluded from supplementary feeding. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN42569496.
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 July 1; Volume 78 (Issue 1); 137-144.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.137
Reyes R, Mathieu F, Boelaert M, Begaux F, Suetens C, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 July 1; Volume 78 (Issue 1); 137-144.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.137
BACKGROUND
Kashin-Beck disease is an osteoarthropathy endemic in selenium- and iodine-deficient areas around Lhasa, Tibet.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed the efficacy of selenium supplementation on disease progression.
DESIGN
A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of selenium supplementation was carried out in 324 children aged 5-15 y who had Kashin-Beck disease. Two hundred eighty children received iodized oil before being randomly assigned to receive selenium or placebo, and a control group of 44 subjects was not supplemented at all. Clinical and radiologic signs, selenium status, urinary iodine, and thyroid function were evaluated at baseline and at 12 mo.
RESULTS
The frequencies of joint pain, decreased joint mobility, and radiologic abnormalities were not significantly different between the 3 groups at 12 mo. Height-for-age z scores increased significantly in the subjects who received placebo and iodine or selenium and iodine. In contrast, unsupplemented control subjects did not recover from growth retardation. Serum selenium concentrations at 12 mo were within the reference range and were significantly greater in the selenium-iodine group than in the placebo-iodine group. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were within the reference ranges after the administration of iodine, and these values were not significantly affected by selenium supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study do not rule out the possibility that selenium may help to prevent the occurrence of Kashin-Beck disease. However, selenium supplementation had no effect on established Kashin-Beck disease, growth, or thyroid function once iodine deficiency was corrected. These results suggest that iodine, but not selenium, deficiency should be corrected in Tibetan children with Kashin-Beck disease.
Kashin-Beck disease is an osteoarthropathy endemic in selenium- and iodine-deficient areas around Lhasa, Tibet.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed the efficacy of selenium supplementation on disease progression.
DESIGN
A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of selenium supplementation was carried out in 324 children aged 5-15 y who had Kashin-Beck disease. Two hundred eighty children received iodized oil before being randomly assigned to receive selenium or placebo, and a control group of 44 subjects was not supplemented at all. Clinical and radiologic signs, selenium status, urinary iodine, and thyroid function were evaluated at baseline and at 12 mo.
RESULTS
The frequencies of joint pain, decreased joint mobility, and radiologic abnormalities were not significantly different between the 3 groups at 12 mo. Height-for-age z scores increased significantly in the subjects who received placebo and iodine or selenium and iodine. In contrast, unsupplemented control subjects did not recover from growth retardation. Serum selenium concentrations at 12 mo were within the reference range and were significantly greater in the selenium-iodine group than in the placebo-iodine group. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were within the reference ranges after the administration of iodine, and these values were not significantly affected by selenium supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study do not rule out the possibility that selenium may help to prevent the occurrence of Kashin-Beck disease. However, selenium supplementation had no effect on established Kashin-Beck disease, growth, or thyroid function once iodine deficiency was corrected. These results suggest that iodine, but not selenium, deficiency should be corrected in Tibetan children with Kashin-Beck disease.
Journal Article > LetterFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 November 1; Volume 102 (Issue 5); DOI:10.3945/ajcn.115.117267
Burza S, Mahajan R, Marino E, Sunyoto T, Matthew P, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 November 1; Volume 102 (Issue 5); DOI:10.3945/ajcn.115.117267
Journal Article > ResearchFull Text
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 December 6; Volume 115 (Issue 3); 738-748.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/nqab404
Bliznashka L, Sudfeld CR, Garba S, Guindo O, Soumana I, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 December 6; Volume 115 (Issue 3); 738-748.; DOI:10.1093/ajcn/nqab404
BACKGROUND
Prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) and lipid-based nutrient supplementation (LNS) can improve birth outcomes relative to iron-folic acid supplementation (IFA); however, effects on child postnatal growth remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of prenatal MMS, medium-quantity LNS (MQ-LNS), and IFA on child growth up to 2 years of age.
DESIGN
We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial of prenatal nutritional supplementation in Madarounfa, Niger. Villages were randomly assigned for pregnant women to receive IFA (17 villages, 1105 women), MMS (18 villages, 1083 women) or MQ-LNS (18 villages, 1144 women). Pregnant women received nutritional supplements weekly until delivery, and children were followed up monthly from 6-8 weeks to 24 months of age. We assessed the effect of prenatal MMS and MQ-LNS compared to IFA and the effect of prenatal MMS compared to MQ-LNS on child length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ), weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-length Z-scores (WLZ) at 24 months of age using generalized linear models. In secondary analyses, we used mixed effects models to assess the trajectory of anthropometric Z-scores longitudinally from 6-8 weeks to 24 months.
RESULTS
Compared to IFA, MMS and MQ-LNS had no effect on child LAZ, WAZ, or WLZ at 24 months of age (P-values >0.05). Children in the MQ-LNS arm had significantly higher MUAC at 24 months than children in the MMS arm: mean difference 0.50 cm (95% CI 0.10, 0.91). WAZ and WLZ trajectories were more negative in the MQ-LNS arm compared to IFA and MMS, with lower Z-scores from 14 to 20 months of age. However, WAZ and WLZ trajectories converged after 20 months of age, and there were no differences by 24 months of age.
CONCLUSIONS
Prenatal MMS and MQ-LNS had limited effect on anthropometric measures of child growth up to 24 months of age as compared to IFA in rural Niger.
Prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) and lipid-based nutrient supplementation (LNS) can improve birth outcomes relative to iron-folic acid supplementation (IFA); however, effects on child postnatal growth remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of prenatal MMS, medium-quantity LNS (MQ-LNS), and IFA on child growth up to 2 years of age.
DESIGN
We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial of prenatal nutritional supplementation in Madarounfa, Niger. Villages were randomly assigned for pregnant women to receive IFA (17 villages, 1105 women), MMS (18 villages, 1083 women) or MQ-LNS (18 villages, 1144 women). Pregnant women received nutritional supplements weekly until delivery, and children were followed up monthly from 6-8 weeks to 24 months of age. We assessed the effect of prenatal MMS and MQ-LNS compared to IFA and the effect of prenatal MMS compared to MQ-LNS on child length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ), weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-length Z-scores (WLZ) at 24 months of age using generalized linear models. In secondary analyses, we used mixed effects models to assess the trajectory of anthropometric Z-scores longitudinally from 6-8 weeks to 24 months.
RESULTS
Compared to IFA, MMS and MQ-LNS had no effect on child LAZ, WAZ, or WLZ at 24 months of age (P-values >0.05). Children in the MQ-LNS arm had significantly higher MUAC at 24 months than children in the MMS arm: mean difference 0.50 cm (95% CI 0.10, 0.91). WAZ and WLZ trajectories were more negative in the MQ-LNS arm compared to IFA and MMS, with lower Z-scores from 14 to 20 months of age. However, WAZ and WLZ trajectories converged after 20 months of age, and there were no differences by 24 months of age.
CONCLUSIONS
Prenatal MMS and MQ-LNS had limited effect on anthropometric measures of child growth up to 24 months of age as compared to IFA in rural Niger.